Holmberg, E., Wallgren, A., Holm, L-E., Lundell, M. and Karlsson, P. Dose–Response Relationship for Parathyroid Adenoma after Exposure to Ionizing Radiation in Infancy. Radiat. Res. 158, 418–423 (2002).

Several authors have suggested that there is an excess risk of hyperparathyroidism, adenomas or hyperplasia after exposure to ionizing radiation. There is still, however, some uncertainty about this association, because these diseases are often asymptomatic and escape clinical detection if not specially searched for. This study is based on a pooled Swedish cohort of 27,925 persons with skin hemangiomas. The majority received radiation treatment in infancy between 1920 and 1965 in Stockholm and Gothenburg. The mean age at treatment was 6 months and the median thyroid dose was 0.20 Gy (range 0–28.5 Gy). Record linkage with the Swedish Cancer Register for the period 1958–1997 gave 43 cases of parathyroid adenoma in the cohort. Analyses of excess relative risk (ERR) models were performed using Poisson regression methods. Clinical records were scrutinized to determine if the childhood radiation exposure was known (biased cases) at the time of diagnosis. Seven of the cases of parathyroid adenoma were classified as biased cases. The standardized incidence ratio (SIR) was 2.10 (95% confidence interval 1.52–2.82) when all cases were included and 1.76 (95% CI 1.23–2.43) with the biased cases excluded. A linear dose–response model with stratification for sex fitted the data best. The ERR per gray was 3.84 (95% CI 1.56–8.99) with all cases and 1.56 (95% CI 0.36–4.45) with the biased cases excluded. There was a significant difference in the ERR per gray between the two subcohorts, probably because of different diagnostic activity in the regions. Our findings confirm that there is a dose–response relationship for radiation-induced parathyroid adenomas.